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Yacht Etiquette. 



Courtesies, Discipline, Ceremonies 

and Routine for Any and 

All Circumstances* 



Duties of Officers, etc* 



BV 

CAPTAIN HOWARD PATTERSON, 

Principal of the New York Nautical College. 

Formerly Commander of the New York School Ship 

"St. Mary' V, Master of Various Sail and Steam Yachts. 

and Admiral of the Hay tie n Navy. 



AUTHOR OF 

The Navigator's Pocket-Book ; Yachting Under American 

Statute ; The Illustrated Nautical Dictionary ; Hand 

Book for Masters and Mates, etc. 



PUBLISHED BY 



The New York Nautical College, 
J30 & J32 Water Street. New York City. 






2463.3 



Copyright /S99 

by 

CAPTAIN HOWARD PATTERSON. 



TWO COPIK8 Rlt -IVED. 




JRII 25 1899 




gfCgg 



Press of 
E. S. Mayo 

9 WARREN ST. 
NEW YORK 



vm<\ W^vi 



I! To My Friend 
HOWARD GOULD 



PREFACE. 



It is to be understood that the owner of the 
yacht is styled as ' ' Captain ' ' throughout this trea- 
tise, and it is eminently proper that this should be, 
as the Government prescribes that the owner of a 
yacht is entitled to take out her custom house and 
other papers as the lawful and legalized ' ' Master ' ' 
of his vessel. 

It being impracticable to follow out naval rules 
strictly in the matter of salutes, courtesies, cere- 
monies, etc., a modification of the same has been 
arranged which will cover the requirements of 
yachting and contribute dignity to such observances 
as are called for in the foregoing. 

As stated under the head of "Duties and 
Responsibilities of Officers", the rules and regula- 
tions laid down specially refer to the larger class of 
steam yachts, but it is explained that these laws 
may be modified to apply to smaller classes of 
pleasure vessels. 



CONTENTS. 



Colors in General, . . 9 

Special Lights, .... 23 

Official Ceremonies and Courtesies, 25 

Salutes in General, . . 34 

Boat Service, . . . .40 

Particulars concerning Boats, . 40 

Boat Ceremony and Discipline, . 43 

Boat Orders, .... 44 

Boat Salutes, . . . .47 

Ship's Bells, .... 55 

The Boatswain's Call, . . .57 

Yacht Routine, ... 60 



Duties and Responsibilities of 
Officers : 

Captain, 6g 

Sailing-Master, ... 74 

Chief Engineer, . [ . .77 

First Mate, . . . . 83 

Second Mate, . .85 



Boatswain, 



87 



Carpenter, 89 

Quartermasters, . . . 91 

Steward, g 2 

Surgeon, ... . . . g e 



Yacht Etiquette. 



COLORS IN GENERAL. 



Time to Make Colors— When at anchor or 

Place to Display Same. underway, the ensign 

of a yacht in commission should be hoisted 
at 8 A. m. and kept flying until sunset. 
When at anchor it is hoisted on the flag 
pole at the stern of both steam and sail 
yachts, and when underway it is hoisted to 
the after gaff- end on sailing vessels ; but is 
usually retained on the pole in the case of 
steam yachts, although it may be hoisted 
to the gaff-end if desired. The burgee should 
be hoisted to the fore topmast head on 
schooners, and the private signal at the 
main topmast. 



Senior Officer Present to The time for making 

Give the Time for colors and sunset 

Colors and Sunset, ^^ be taken frQm 

the senior officer's yacht present, whether he 
is on board or not, and the only gun fired 
for colors and sunset should be the one on 
such senior's yacht. 

At Anchor with When a yacht is in 

Naval Vessel or off a company with a vessel 

Naval Station, . of her own navy, or at 

anchor off a naval station, the senior officer 

present should regulate the time for colors 

and sunset to such vessel or station. 

Visiting Home Waters of Yachts visiting the 

Another Yacht Club, home waters of an- 

other club (provided such w r aters are other 
than their own) should take their time for 
colors and sunset from the yacht of the senior 
officer of such club present. 

Entering Port Before Colors When a yacht enters 

or After Sunset, port j n the morning 

before colors are made, or in the evening 



after sunset, her ensign, club burgee and 
private signal should be displayed and kept 
flying until the yacht comes to anchor, when 
they should be hauled down. 

Night Pennant, During the night (be- 

tween sunset and colors) the yacht should 
fly a night pennant at the main topmast 
head. 

Absence Pennant, During the absence of 

the captain from the }^acht, a blue rectangu- 
lar flag (called Absence Pennant) should be 
kept flying at the starboard main spreader. 
The private signal (or flag officer's pennant) 
however, is to be kept flying whether the 
captain is on board or not. 

Single Stickers-Where, Single masted vessels 

When and How to Fly should not fly the pri- 

Burgee and Private Signal. V ate signal on the same 

halliards as the club burgee. If one of the 

two flags only is to be shown, then it should 

be the private signal when entering a home 



port of the club, or when at sea. Entering 
a foreign port (any port other than her own) 
the yacht should fly the club burgee. 

Meal Pennants, . During the meal hours 

of the captain, when the yacht is at anchor, 
a white rectangular flag should be flown at 
the starboard main spreader, and during 
the meal hours of the crew a red pennant 
should be flown from the port fore spreader. 
Of course, on a "single sticker" the white 
flag and red meal pennant must both be 
flown from the same mast, but they will be 
exhibited on their proper sides. After colors 
a white light should be shown from the 
starboard main spreader to indicate that the 
captain is at dinner. Meal flags should not 
be flown when the yacht is underwa}^. 

Colors to be Flown in Gig, The yacht's gig, when 
brought to the gangway or is away from the 
yacht, shall display the ensign at the stern. 
While the captain is in the gig, the private 
signal should be displayed at the bow. If 

12 



a club member is in the boat without the 
captain, a club burgee should be displayed 
at the bow. 

Flag Officer's Pennant, Flag officers fly a pen- 

nant at the main on yachts and on the for- 
ward flag-staff of gigs, to distinguish their 
rank. These pennants take the place of the 
yacht's private signal. 

Yacht Short Handed. If the yacht is short 

handed, two flags may be bent on to the 
same set of halliards, so that while one flag 
is being sent aloft the other may be coming 
dow 7 n. 

Burgee and Private Signal The club burgee and 
May be Broken Out, ' private signal may be 

"made up" and mastheaded previous to 
colors, and ' ' broken out ' ' when the signal 
for colors is given. 

Colors to be Well Hoisted. Daylight should never 
show between the head of a flag and the 
truck. 

13 



National Mourning, On occasions of na- 

tional mourning the ensign should be half- 
masted, but the burgee and private signal 
should be kept mast-headed. 

Death of Captain. In the event of the 

death of the captain on shore, both the club 
burgee and private signal of his yacht should 
be kept half-masted from colors until sun- 
set on the day of the funeral, but the ensign 
should be kept fully hoisted during the 
same time. If, on the other hand, the death 
should occur on board while the yacht is in 
port, then the ensign also should be half- 
masted as soon as the body leaves the vessel 
for the shore, and the ensign should be kept 
so flying until sunset of the same day. 
Should the burial of the captain take place 
at sea, then the ensign of the vessel and the 
captain's private signal should be displayed 
at half-mast at the commencement of the 
ceremony and kept flying until its conclu- 
sion, when the ensign and private signal 
should be hauled down. 
14 



Death of Flag Officer, On the occasion of the 

death of a flag officer while his yacht is in 
port, his pennant should be hauled down at 
sunset on the day of his funeral, and should 
not be again hoisted — the yacht's private 
signal taking its place. If the funeral takes 
place at sea, then the pennant should be 
hauled down with the ensign at the conclu- 
sion of the ceremonies. 

Death of Club Member, When mourning is 

ordered for the death of a club member, the 
burgee onty is half-masted, and this should 
be observed, whether underway or at anchor. 

How to Half-Mast Colors. The ensign, burgee 
and private signal (also flag-officer's pen- 
nant) should always be mast-headed before 
they are half-masted. 

Saluting with Ensign at Whenever it becomes 

Half- Mast, necessary to salute 

with the flag while the ensign is ftying at 

half-mast, it must be mast-headed before it 

is dipped. 

15 



Hauling Down Before hauling down 

Half- Mast Colors. half - masted colors, 

always mast-head them first. 

Death of One of the Crew, In the event of the 
death of the sailing master, mate, or other 
officer, or one of the crew at sea, the ensign 
of the yacht should be half-masted during 
the funeral ceremony. Should the death of 
one of the above occur on board while the 
yacht is in port, then the ensign should be 
half-masted from the time that the body 
leaves the yacht until the body is landed or 
until the return of the boat that conveyed 
the bod}^ to the shore. 

Permission to Half-Mast No yacht of a fleet 

Colors to be Obtained. other than that of the 

senior officer present should ever half-mast 
her colors until permission to do so has been 
obtained. 

Hours for Half-Masting Funeral honors in the 

Colors, way of half-masting 

colors should not be paid before sunrise nor 

after sunset. 

16 



Boat Engaged in Funeral When a boat is en- 

Ceremony, gaged in funeral cere- 

monies in conveying a body to the shore, 
the ensign in the stern should be kept half- 
masted until the body is landed. 

Making Colors, About five minutes 

before colors, have the club and private 
signals, night pennant, and ensign (also 
absence flag, if owner is not on board) hal- 
liards manned, the boat-boom guys tended, 
and a hand stationed at the ship's bell. As 
soon as the signal is given for colors, call : 
"Strike eight bells and hoist away !" At 
this instant swing out the boat-booms, haul 
down the night pennant, and send aloft the 
bunting. 

Making Sunset. About fifteen minutes 

before the time given for sunset, have the 
anchor light, gangway light, and signal 
light or lights all ready, the boats either 
hoisted or dropped astern, and the night 
pennant bent on. About five minutes be- 
17 



fore sunset, station the men at the boom- 
guys, club, and private signals and ensign 
halliards (also absence flag halliards if the 
captain is not on board), anchor light whip, 
gangway light, and captain's distinguishing 
light or lights. If you are the flagship you will 
also have a gunner stationed at the off-shore 
gun, and wait, watch in hand (care should 
be observed to have it on correct local time) 
for the time given for sunset. But if you 
are taking time from another vessel, or from 
the shore, the time need not concern you ; 
simply await the sunset signal, then call : 
" Haul down !" At this instant let go the 
forward boat -boom guys and swing the 
booms in. Observe that the club, private 
signal, absence flag and ensign, are hauled 
down (the two former preserving the same 
height to one another until they reach the 
deck) and that the night pennant and anchor 
light go aloft as soon as the order to haul 
down is given. Arrange the captain's sig- 
nal lantern or lanterns, and the gangway 
light, and make the bunting up neatly and 
18 



vStow it away in the flag locker. If the boats 
are riding astern, give them a short painter 
to prevent them from being run over by 
vessels coming in to anchor, or passing 
under } 7 our stern. 

Day Signals for Pilots. The following signals, 

numbered i and 2, when displayed together 
or separately, shall be deemed to be signals 
for a pilot, in the day time: — 1st, To be 
hoisted at the fore, the Jack or other national 
color usualfy worn by merchant ships, hav- 
ing round it a white border one-fifth of the 
breadth of the flag; or, 2nd, The Inter- 
national Code Pilotage Signal, indicated by 
P. T. 

Night Signals for Pilots, The following signals, 
numbered 1 and 2, when used or displayed 
together, or separately, shall be deemed to 
be signals for a pilot, in the night time : — 
1 st, The pyrotechnic light, commonly known 
as a blue light, every fifteen minutes ; or, 
2nd, a bright white light, flashed or shown 

19 



at short intervals, just above the bulwarks, 
for about a minute at a time. 

Signal for Towing Boat. The signal for a tow- 
ing boat is made by setting the ensign in 
the main rigging a little way above the 
deck. 

Dressing Ship, The prettiest mode of 

dressing a ship with flags is to make an arch 
of them from the jib-boom end to the fore- 
top-masthead, thence across to the maintop- 
masthead, and down to the main-boom end, 
allowing two or more flags to hang down 
under the jib-boom end and the main-boom 
end respectively, with a lead attached to the 
end of each line to keep the flags from fly- 
ing around. Hoisted to the trucks, by the 
regular signal halliards, should be the 
ensign, Jack, or the flags of the nation in 
whose port the ship is lying, or the distin- 
guishing flags of the person whom it is de- 
sired to honor. The arch of flags should be 
hoisted so as to give the former flags room 



to displa3 r themselves. Have blocks at the 
topmast- heads for the fore and aft strings of 
arch flags, and hoist the flags to them by 
means of a whip. The flying- jib halliards 
will do to hoist the foremost part of the 
arch (from the jib-boom end to the foretop- 
masthead). Care should be taken and taste 
must be exercised in selecting and placing 
the flags. Reeve off the three arch halliards 
and measure the distance in the three clear 
parts, by marking the halliards, so that you 
will know what length of flags to bend on, 
and thus avoid the inconvenience and annoy- 
ance of sending the string on deck after they 
have once been hoisted, for the purpose of 
alterations. In addition to stopping the 
flags to the halliards on the head and tack, 
take a couple of stitches to the halliards 
about midway. The Jack should be hoisted 
on the jack-staff on the bowsprit. In reev- 
ing off the halliards for the span between 
the fore and maintop - mastheads, let the 
ends (or hauling parts) lead through single 
blocks and down alongside of the fore and 



main-masts respectively, bending the flags 
on to the bight, and trice up by the two 
parts, manned at the same time that the 
flags are sent aloft. At sunset come up with 
your outhauls, and the forward and after 
strings of flags will come inboard, and can 
then be lowered away. Just before ' ' colors' ' 
send the two masthead ensigns aloft ' ' made 
up' ' . When the signal is made, hoist aw T ay 
on the arch halliards, and, at the instant 
the flags reach home, "break out" the en- 
sign and the Jack. Pennants and square 
flags should be bent on alternately. Another 
mode of dressing ship is by " up and down" 
flags. That is, by flying a string of flags 
from each topmast-head to the deck. 



SPECIAL LIGHTS. 



Commodore's Lights, Between sunset and 

colors when on board in harbor the commo- 
dore shows two blue lights in globular lan- 
terns suspended perpendicularly at the after 
gaff-end, or on the flag-pole at the stern, 
When the commodore is absent one blue 
light is shown in the same place. 

Vice-Commodore's Lights. The vice - commodore 
shows the the same number of lights as the 
commodore and in the same place, but the 
color is red. 

Rear-Commodore's Lights, The rear - commodore 
also shows the same number of lights and 
in the same place as prescribed for the com- 
modore, but the color is white. 

Captain's Light, All captains when on 

board show one white light in a globular 
23 



lantern under the main boom. When ab- 
sent, no light of such character should be 
shown under the boom. White light in the 
starboard main spreader indicates that the 
owner or guests are at dinner. 



e^f 



24 



OFFICIAL CEREMONIES AND 
COURTESIES. 



Quarter-deck to be The quarter-deck 

Saluted." should always be sa- 

luted by officers and men, by raising the 
cap upon coming over the gangway when 
boarding their own or another yacht, or a 
naval vessel. 

Senior Officer to Return The senior officer 

Salutes and Visits. present is in command 

of all the yachts at the anchorage that are 
flying the burgee of the club he represents, 
and it is his duty to make and return 
salutes and visits. 

Senior Officer to Tender When a yacht visits 

Civilities to Visiting Yacht- the home waters of 
Captain of Visiting Yacht another dub and after 

to Pay Respects in Person. 1 ' 

salutes have been ex- 
changed, the senior officer present repre- 
25 



senting such home club should send to the 
visiting yacht a tender of the civilities of 
the club, after which the captain of the vis- 
iting yacht should pay his respects in person 
to the commanding officer of the anchorage. 

Reception of the President The President of the 
of the United States, United States should 

be received at the gangway of the yacht by 
the commanding officer of such, and should 
be piped over the side by the boatswain — the 
crew being drawn up in line on the port 
side of the deck. As the President reaches 
the deck, the President's flag should be 
broken out at the main-topmast-head and 
one gun fired from the yacht in salute to 
same, while the captain, officers and crew 
should raise their caps in salute. When the 
President leaves, the crew should be sta- 
tioned as before and the captain should 
escort the President to the gangway, where 
the boatswain should be found as before 
to blow a pipe and raise his cap, together 
with the crew, as the President reaches the 
26 



rail. One gun should be fired and the Pres- 
ident' s flag hauled down as soon as the boat 
conveying the President shoves off from 
the yacht's side. Provided the President 
embarks in one of the yacht's boats, his flag 
should be carried on the flag-pole in the 
bows of the boat while the President is in 
it, and the yacht's ensign should be carried 
at the stern, as usual. The sailing master 
of the yacht should be detailed to take 
charge of the yacht's boat that carries the 
President. The captain's gig should alw 7 a} r s 
be the boat employed in transporting guests 
whom it is desired to specially honor. 

Reception of the The Vice-President of 

Vice-President of the the United States 

United States. should receive the 

same honors as prescribed for the President, 
except that the national flag should be sub- 
stituted for the President's flag and only 
one salute fired, which should take place 
wdien the Vice - President leaves. A small 
national flag should be carried on the flag- 
27 



staff in the bows of the yacht's boat while 
conveying the Vice-President. 

Reception of the The Secretary of the 

Secretary of the Navy. Navy of the United 

States should receive the same honors as 
prescribed for the Vice-President, substi- 
tuting the distinguishing flag of the Secre- 
tary. 

Reception of Other Cabinet Officers 

Other Cabinet Officers. should receive the 

same honors as prescribed for the Secretary 
of the Navy, except that there is no dis- 
tinguishing or special bunting to be used. 

Reception of the The Governor of a 

Governor of a State. State should be re- 

ceived with the same honors as prescribed 
for the Vice-President, except that the flag 
of his State should be substituted both at 
the main-topmast-head and in the bows of 
the yacht's boats. 

28 



Reception of a A foreign sovereign or 

Foreign Sovereign, t he chief magistrate 

of any foreign country should be received 
on board with the same honors as prescribed 
for the President of the United States, ex- 
cept that the flag of his country should be 
substituted. 

Reception of a A member of a royal 

Member of a Royal family, family should receive 
the same honors as prescribed for their sov- 
ereign, except that onry one salute be fired, 
which should take place at the time the 
honored guest leaves the yacht. 

Reception of A naval or army officer 

Naval and Army Officers, should be received at 

the gangway of the yacht by the captain, 
and should be piped over the side by the 
boatswain, w T ho should stand alongside the 
gangway and keep his cap lifted while 
blowing his pipe. Upon leaving, the cap- 
tain should escort his guest to the gangway 
and should observe that the boatswain is 
29 



stationed as before to wind his call as the 
officer goes over the yacht's side. If the 
naval or army officer is of the rank of com- 
mander or lieutenant -colonel, or higher, a 
gun may be fired after the boat containing 
the guest has shoved off from the yacht's 
side. Provided the yacht's boat is used by 
the guest, one of the yacht's officers should 
be sent in charge of same. 

Reception of Members Members of the diplo- 

of the Diplomatic Corps. . ■ .. . 1 

matic corps ol the 

rank of minister should be given the same 
honors as prescribed for Cabinet Officers, 
and if below the rank of minister, they 
should be given the same honors as pre- 
scribed for naval and army officers. 

Reception of Other Officials, Q fc h e r high offidals 

not mentioned in the foregoing may have 
such honors accorded them in visiting the 
yacht as may be consistent with the rules 
laid down. 

3° 



Ceremony of Putting a The ceremony of put- 
Yacht in Commission, ting a yacht in com- 
mission is exceedingly simple. As a rule 
this takes place as soon as the yacht is in 
proper sailing trim — that is, when the 
bright-woodwork, etc., is scraped and varn- 
ished, standing rigging set-up, running rig- 
ging rove off, decks cleaned, sails bent, etc. 
The officers and men appear on deck in 
uniform, and the club burgee and captain's 
private signal are ' ' made up' ' and hoisted 
to their respective trucks ; then the captain 
(the sailing master may be authorized to 
act in the former's place) addresses the sail- 
ing master: "Mr. , I declare the 

yacht ' ' in commission." When 

this is said, the sailing master orders the 
burgee and private signal to be ' ' broken 
out" and the yacht ensign hoisted — this 
consummates the putting of the yacht in 
commission. 

Ceremony of Putting the The ceremony of go- 

Yacht out of Commission. ing out of commission 

31 



consists simply of the following : Before 
the unbending of sail or the dismantling of 
the yacht in any way, the crew appear on 
deck in uniform, and the club burgee, pri- 
vate signal and ensign halliards are manned. 
The owner addresses the sailing master: 

"Mr. , I declare the yacht ' ' 

out of commission." Upon this the sailing 
master orders a gun to be fired, and the 
burgee, private signal and ensign lowered. 
The dismantling of the yacht may then 
commence. 

Honors to the Captain When the captain is 

when Embarking and seen coming off to the 

Disembarking. yacht> k should SQ be 

reported to the sailing master (provided he 
is on board, and, in his absence, to the 
mate), who will at once station one of the 
quarter-masters, or one of the crew, at the 
"absence flag" halliards, and the boatswain 
at the gangway to blow a pipe as the cap- 
tain comes over the side, and, as the gig 
comes alongside the gangway, the sailing 
32 



master will face the side, and, as the cap- 
tain steps over the rail, the sailing master 
and boatswain will salute by touching the 
cap visor, and the absence flag will be 
hauled down. The gig will remain along- 
side for orders. The sailing master, after 
ascertaining the captain's wishes in regard 
to the gig, will either order it hoisted or 
hauled out to the boom. When intending 
to leave the ship, the captain should send 
word to that effect to the sailing master (or 
to the mate, in the absence of the former), 
who will see that the gig is dropped down 
to the starboard gangway and properly 
manned, when it will then be reported as 
ready to the captain. The sailing master 
and boatswain will then take their stations 
at the gangway, having a hand stationed at 
the absence flag halliards ; and, as the cap- 
tain passes them to enter the boat, the boat- 
swain will wind his call and touch his cap, 
and the captain shall receive and return the 
sailing master's salute. The absence flag 
will be run up as the boat shoves off. 
33 



SALUTES IN GENERAL. 



Guns Between Guns fired between 

Sunset and Colors. sunset and colors are 

considered signals of distress. 

Guns on Sunday. Guns should not be 

fired on Sunday, either in the way of a 
salute or when getting underway or when 
coming to anchor. 

Colors and Sunset Gun When in company 

to be Fired by Senior with one or more 

Officer's Yacht. yachts of the same 

club, the gun fired to make colors or sunset 
should be that of the yacht of the senior 
officer of such club present, whether he is 
on board his vessel or not. 

Yachts to Salute All yachts should sa- 

Naval Vessels. lute naval vessels of 

their own or any other friendly country, by 
34 



dipping the ensign. It is customary for 
yachts to salute a naval vessel by dipping 
the ensign once. 

Dipping the Ensign. In no case is the en- 

sign to be dipped more than three times in 
one salute. 

Yachts Passing to Salute. Yachts passing one 
another in narrow or inland waters should 
salute each other by dipping the ensign 
once — the junior saluting first. 

Yachts Meeting at Sea l n meeting at sea, 

t0 Salute ' yachts should salute 

each other, and this salute may consist of 
simply dipping the ensign three times, or 
the same may be prefaced by the firing of a 
gun — but the latter is optional, 

Steam Whistles not to be Steam whistles should 
Used in Saluting. , not be employed in 

making or exchanging salutes between steam 

yachts. 

35 



To Salute Upon Entering Upon entering harbor 

Harbor, captains should salute 

the commanding officer of the anchorage by 

firing one gun or by dipping the ensign at 

the time the anchor is dropped. 

Salute to a Yacht Entering The salute to be made 
Harbor, to a yacht entering 

port and entitled to a salute consists of dip- 
ping the ensign once, or the firing of a gun 
when the arriving yacht drops her anchor. 

Special Salute to On the occasion of the 

Commodore Entering commodore entering 

Harbor. -. -. , 

harbor to assume per- 
sonal command of his squadron, he should 
be saluted on coming to anchor (and not 
before) by each yacht of the squadron. 
This salute should consist of the firing of 
one gun from each yacht or by the dipping 
of the ensign. 

Ordinary Salute to On ordinary occasions 

Commodore Entering when the commo- 

Harbor ' dore's yacht enters 

harbor his flag should only be saluted with 

36 



one gun from the yacht of the senior officer 
of such club present, or by the dipping of 
the ensign from such senior's yacht. 

Junior Officer's Yacht When a junior flag 

Entering Harbor. officer's yacht enters 

harbor, his flag should be saluted when his 
yacht comes to anchor by one gun, or by 
the dipping of the ensign, from the yacht 
of the senior officer present, provided the 
latter is inferior in rank to the arriving flag- 
officer ; otherwise the arriving officer will 
salute the flag of the officer in command of 
the anchorage with one gun or by the dip- 
ping of the ensign when his yacht drops 
anchor. 



Senior Officer Leaving A senior officer leav- 

H arbor, ing harbor should in- 

dicate that he has transferred his command 
to the officer next below him in rank, by 
firing a gun or by dipping his ensign upon 
getting underway. 

37 



Flag Officer Making When a flag officer 

Official Visit, makes an official visit 

between colors and sunset, his flag should 
be run up to the fore-topmast-head of the 
yacht visited and broken out as soon as he 
boards the same. Upon leaving, one gun 
should be fired and his flag hauled down 
after he has entered the boat alongside and 
it has been shoved off from the yacht. 

Official Salute to An official salute to 

Another Club. another club should 

be made by hoisting the burgee of such club 
to the fore-topmast-head and firing one gun. 
After the salute has been returned, or a 
reasonable time for the return of such 
allowed, the burgee should be hauled down 
and the yacht's own burgee hoisted. In the 
absence of the burgee of the club that is be- 
ing saluted, the yacht's own burgee may be 
half-masted while the salute is given. 

Postponed Salutes, Salutes postponed on 

account of Sunday, or owing to the arrival 

38 



of a yacht after sunset, should be made im- 
mediately after colors on the following 
morning. 

Judge's Yacht During a race a yacht 

Not to be Saluted, acting as judge's boat 

should not be saluted. 

Salutes between Squadrons When squadrons of 
of Different Clubs, different clubs meet, 

whether in harbor or at sea, salutes should 
be exchanged only by the commanding offi- 
cers of such squadrons. 

Salutes between Single Salutes from single 

Yacht and Squadron, yachts to a squadron 

should be answered only by the command- 
ing officer of the squadron. 

Boat Salutes, Salutes to be made 

between boats will be found under the head 
of "Boat Service." 



39 



BOAT SERVICE. 



PARTICULARS CONCERNING BOATS. 



Boats used on board yachts are known 
as gigs, cutters, life-boats and dingeys. 

Boats are built in three different ways, 
namely : The carval-built, the planks fore 
and aft, the edges meeting but not over- 
lapping. The clinker-built, the planks fore 
and aft, the edges overlapping. The diag- 
onal-built, the planking running diagonally, 
the inside planks running in a contrary 
direction to the outside planks, their edges 
meeting. 

Boats are called single or double-banked, 
according as they have one or two rowers 
to a thwart. 

Thwarts are the seats on which the crew 
sit ; the space abaft the after thwart is called 
the stern-sheets. 

40 



The spaces for the oars in the wash 
streak of boats are called rowlocks. 

Oars are made of ash or spruce ; that 
part of the oar which is dipped in the water 
is called the blade; the round part which is 
inboard, the loom; the extremity of the loom, 
which is grasped by the rower's hand, the 
ha 71 die. 

Oars are called double-banked when two 
men pull one oar, 

Feathering is known as turning the 
blades nearly flat to the water after the 
stroke with the upper edge turned forward. 

Boat-falls are purchases made with two 
blocks and a length of rope, used for hoist- 
ing a boat to the davits. 

The painter is a length of line made fast 
into a ring-bolt in-the stem of boats, used 
for making the boat fast, to tow by, etc. 

The gunwale of a boat is the upper rail. 

The yoke is a piece of wood or metal 
fitted across the head of a boat's rudder, 
4i 



Yoke lines are pieces of rope made fast 
to the yoke by which the rudder is turned 
and the boat steered. 

Boat-davits are pieces of timber or iron 
projecting over a vessel's sides or stern to 
hoist boats up to. 

A plug is the wooden stopper fitted into 
a hole in the bottom of the boat to let in or 
keep out water. 

Flooring is the bottom boards of the 
boat. 

Boat- booms are the booms on either side 
of a vessel to which the boats ride when the 
ship is at anchor. 

A Boat-breaker is a small keg used for 
carrying fresh water. 

A Boat- recall is an understood signal 
made from the ship to summon a boat to 
return. 

Gripes are long strips of canvas leading 
from the davit ends, and passing under a 

42 



boat to secure it. They are set taut by 
lanyards. 

Boat-fenders are small shapes of canvas 
or leather stuffed and hung over a boat's 
side to prevent it from being chafed and 
from chafing the sides of the yacht. 

Back Board is a board in the stern of the 
boat on which is often printed the name of 
the yacht to which she belongs. 



BOA T CEREMONY AND DISCIPLINE. 



The lading of the gig should be arranged 
so that juniors in rank and in official im- 
portance should enter the boat first, and the 
one highest in rank and importance should 
immediately precede the captain, who should 
always be the last to enter the boat and the 
first to disembark. The disembarking should 
take place in the reverse order to the em- 
barking, so that the junior in rank should 
be the last to leave the boat. 
43 



BOAT ORDERS. 



In the following the gig is supposed to 
be manned, and lying alongside the gang- 
way. 

After the gig is reported ready to the 
captain, he will direct his guests to enter 
the boat, and after they are all seated he 
will receive and return the sailing-master's 
salute, then take his place in the gig — care 
having been observed to leave the stern- 
sheets clear for him, and the yoke lines 
ready to hand. 

The captain will observe that his private 
signal is stepped in the bows, that the seat- 
ing of his guests does not interfere with 
the stroke oarsman, and will then call: 

'■' Shove off Forward !" 

When this order is given, the man in 
the bows shoves the boat's head away from 
44 



the ship's side, stows his boat-hook, and 
lays his hands on his oar. 

The next order is : " Up Oars !" ' ' Oars 
Apeak" is sometimes wrongfully employed. 

The crew will simultaneously seize and 
raise their proper oars briskly to the verti- 
cal (keeping their eyes on the stroke oars- 
man), and hold them thus directly in front 
of them, the blades being fore-and-aft, the 
ends of the oars held clear of the boat's bot- 
tom ; the oarsmen sitting on the port side 
of the boat holding the oars with right 
hands down, and those sitting on the star- 
board side holding the oars with left hands 
down. The oarsmen sitting on the port 
side of the boat pull the starboard oars, and 
the oarsmen sitting on the starboard side of 
the boat pull the port oars. 

The next command is : " Let Fall !" 
The oars must be dropped into the row- 
locks together, care being taken to prevent 
the blades from striking the water — blades 
flat to the water and leveled. 
45 



Next give the order : * ' Give Way ! ' ' 
The boat is now underway, the crew 

taking the style of pulling from the stroke 

oarsman. 

In running alongside of a vessel or float- 
stage, give the boat sufficient impetus to 
' ' reach " ; then call, while the blades are in 
the water : ' ' Way Enough !' ' 

The men will finish the stroke and then 
raise their oars simultaneously to a vertical 
position, and lay them with as little noise 
as possible amidships in the boat in a line 
with the keel, the blades pointing forward. 
The stroke and bow oarsmen seize their 
boat-hooks, and as the boat runs alongside 
they stop its way and hold it. 

With four or more oared boat, just be- 
fore the order ' ' Way Enough ' ' is given, the 
order ' ' In Bow ' ' should be given to allow 
the man forward to get in his oar and take 
his boat-hook in hand ready to fend off 
when the boat comes alongside the landing. 
46 



BOAT SALUTES. 



Flag officers should display their pen- 
nants in the bows of boats when underway, 
captains their private signals, and members 
the club burgee. 

Only boats displaying pennants, private 
signals or burgees are entitled to a salute 
from another boat. 

Junior flag officers, captains, and mem- 
bers in command of boats, should order 
their crews to temporarily lie on their oars 
to the commodore's boat in passing, and at 
the same time should raise their cap in sa- 
lute. Captains and members in command 
of boats vShould also salute junior flag offi- 
cers in the same manner as prescribed for 
the commodore. 

Sailing-masters, under- officers and cox- 
swains should order their crews to lie on 
47 



their oars to all boats passing that display 
a pennant, private signal or club burgee, 
and shall raise the cap in salute. 

Seniors in rank acknowledge salutes by 
simply raising the cap, and do not cease 
rowing. 

Captains passing should salute each 
other by raising the cap — the junior salut- 
ing first — but the crews will not lie on 
their oars. 

The salutes from all boats under sail, 
being towed, or laden, should be made by 
the one in charge raising his cap, and the 
way of such boats should not be checked. 

When approaching your own or another 
yacht for the purpose of going alongside, 
on being hailed, answer by giving the name 
of your yacht if a captain, but if a commo- 
dore, the reply should be ci Flag." 
48 



If it is desired to cease rowing tempora- 
rily, give the order : ' ' Oars ! ' ' The crew 
will then lift the blades of their oars from 
the water, holding the blades horizontally, 
and at right angles to the keel. 

When it is desired to continue rowing, 
simply call : ' ' Give Way ! ' ' 

When rowing, if passing so close to 
another boat that a collision of oars seems 
probable, call : ' ' Trail ! ' ' The men will keep 
their oars in the rowlocks, but permit the 
blades to trail aft and alongside. When 
the danger is past, call: ' k Oars!" — this 
brings the crew to attention with the oars 
in position to receive the order : ' ' Give 
Way!' 1 

Never allow T a boat's crew to splash the 
water with the blades of their oars when 
the order to ' 4 let fall ' ' is executed. 

Talking among a boat's crew, or turning 
the head to observe any object while the 

49 



boat is underway, should never be allowed. 

The starboard after oar is called the 
( ' stroke oar ' ' , and gives the stroke, the re- 
mainder of the crew taking the style from 
it ; consequently, it should be manned by 
the best man in the boat — the coxswain of 
a gig pulls the stroke oar when the captain 
is in the boat. 

In rowing, the blade of each oar should 
be lifted as high as the gunwale after it 
leaves the water, then feathered by drop- 
ping the wrist. A short pause should then 
be made, and the oar next thrown well for- 
ward, and dropped edgewise into the water, 
taking care to avoid splashing. Now, rip 
the oar through the water with a hearty 
swing, and then repeat as above. 

If it is required to turn a boat suddenly, 

or short round to starboard, then give the 

order to ' 'Give Way Port ; Back Starboard' ' . 

If it is required to turn short to port, then, 

50 



( ' Give Way Starboard ; Back Port' ' . When 
the boat is pointed aright, then, "Give Way 
Together". 

In backing, as in pulling, the crew 
should always keep stroke with the after 
oar of their respective sides. 

Never send a boat away from a ship at 
night without being provided with a lan- 
tern, as many a boat has been run down 
through inability to make its presence 
known. 

Remember, in running alongside a ship 
or landing, that the deeper the boat is 
freighted, the longer she will carry her way 
in the water. - 

In leaving a ship in foggy weather, pro- 
vide the boat with a fog-horn and compass, 
and judge as nearly as possible the bearing 
of the landing you wish to make. Take 
51 



the opposite of this bearing to return to the 
ship, making in both cases due allowance 
for tide. 

The boats should always be kept in 
perfect condition, and, unless the crew are 
required to shift themselves, not more than 
three minutes should elapse between the 
time the boat is called away and its arrival 
at the gangway, manned and ready. 

Never send away a gig's crew unless 
they are dressed alike, and look "spick and 
span ". Hat ribbons should always be worn 
by a boat's crew. 

Nothing shows the good discipline of a 
3^acht more than efficient boat service ; and 
it is worthy of all pains and consideration. 

The ranking officer should always be the 
last to enter a boat, and the first to leave it. 
He will, also, command the boat. 
52 



To ride out a gale of wind in an open 
boat, lash the oars and bottom boards to- 
gether and weight them if possible. Span 
them with the boat's painter and pitch them 
overboard. This will keep the boat head 
to the sea and prevent it from drifting fast. 

Assist the boat to keep head to the sea 
by the use of a steering oar. 

When crossing the bar of a river, if the 
water is much troubled, a steering oar 
should be used, and the rudder unshipped. 

In the case of a boat being unable to pull 
up to the ship against a strong wind or tide, 
veer a line out from the ship with the end 
made fast to a buoy or any floating material 
sufficient to sustain the bight, and when 
this reaches the boat the crew 7 can make the 
end of the line fast to the ring in the stem, 
and the boat can then be hauled up. Another 
w 7 ay is to drop a boat astern with a line 



secured to its painter and then haul them 
both up together. 

When two boats are approaching the same 
gangway, or landing stage, the junior offi- 
cer in rank should always give way to the 
senior. 



S< 



54 



SHIPS BELLS. 



The manner of telling the time on board 
ship is by striking the bell. Eight bells 
indicate midnight, 4 A. M., 8 A. M., noon, 
4 p. m., and 8 p. m. Thus it will be seen 
that every even four hours after midnight 
brings 8 bells around. After midnight the 
first bell struck is 1 , which stands for half- 
past twelve ; one o'clock is represented by 
2 bells, half-past one, by 3 bells ; tw 7 o 
o'clock by 4 bells ; half-past two, by 5 bells ; 
three o'clock, by 6 bells ; half- past three, 
by 7 bells ; and four o'clock, by 8 bells. 

At half-past four 1 bell is struck, and so 
on, in the above order, until eight o'clock 
is made known by 8 bells again. 

TABLE. 

Midnight 8 bells. 

12.30 A. M. 1 bell. 

55 



T.OO A. 
I.JO 
2.00 
2lJO 

3.OO 

3-3° 
4. MO 



W. . .2 bells. 
3 



5 
.6 

•7 
.8 



^ 



56 



THE BOATSWAIN'S CALL. 



On vessels where a good-sized crew is 
carried, the " Boatswain's Call" should be 
largely empk>3 T ed. 

The following should always be ' 'piped' ' : 

The call to meals ; the order to heave 
round ; to order away boats ; the order to 
haul ; the order to belay ; the order to man 
the side ; the order to make colors ; the 
order to make sunset ; to call all hands ; 
the call to muster ; to pipe down. 

It is impossibl^to explain on paper the 
regular man-o' -wars-man's "pipe" for the 
different orders, nor is it necessary that 
their style should be followed out strictly 
on yachts — any understood combination 
between the boatswain (or mate) and the 
57 



crew will answer all the purposes for which 
the "call" is intended. 

The following is offered : 

The Call of Attention : A long straight 
pipe. This is used as a preface to the ver- 
bal call of all hands on deck or to muster. 

To Call Away a Boat : A long straight 
pipe, followed by the verbal order : "Away 
gig!" (or dingey, or cutter, as the case 
may be). 

The Call to Meals :. Three long, rolling 
pipes. 

To Heave Round, or to Pull : Several 
moderately short, straight pipes. 

To Belay : Two short, quick chirps, 
followed by a moderately short rolling pipe. 

To Pipe the Side : A prolonged straight 
pipe. (The boatswain stands facing the 

53 



gangway, his { ' call ' ' held to his mouth 
with his left hand, while his right hand is 
raised to his cap in salute. ) This pipe 
should be made to the captain, when com- 
ing on board or when leaving the yacht. 
It should also be made to all other yacht 
commanders, dignitaries, and officers of the 
arm} T and navy. 

To Make 1 1 Colors ' ' or k 'Sunset ' ' .• Two 
short, quick chirps, followed by a long, 
rolling pipe. 

To Pipe Down : One long, straight, 
followed b}^ a long, rolling pipe. 



~^f 



59 



YACHT ROUTINE. 



As soon as a yacht is put in commission, 
the organization of the officers and crew 
should be considered, so that everything 
may work smoothly and harmoniously, to 
the satisfaction and peace of the captain and 
the manifest benefit of all concerned. The 
sailing-master should be held responsible 
for this, and, in perfecting the details, of 
course, he must be guided by the number 
of his crew. 

If, in washing down, cleaning bright 
work, etc., each man is given a certain 
station and allotted a particular piece of 
work, it will be found that matters will be 
greatly expedited, and the individual tasks 
will be performed better, for the reason 
that the man is held accountable for the 
appearance of his own part of the ship. 
60 



Silence is one of the best evidences of 
discipline, and the officers should set the 
example to the crew. When it is necessary 
to issue an order let it be done in a quiet 
tone and avoid calling along the deck as 
much as possible. The latter suggests the 
''coaster" and establishes a bad precedent. 

When in port, the last anchor watch 
should turn out the cook one hour before 
1 ' all hands " , so that morning coffee may be 
ready when the general call is made. 

Allow 7 but twenty minutes between 
"turn out" and ''turn to". 

After pumping the bilges, wash down 
decks, wipe the sides around and the bright 
wood of the rail skylights and companion 
way and then turn^all hands on to the brass 
work, using a chamois skin. 

Three-quarters of an hour should be 
given the crew 7 for breakfast, after which 
they should again be turned to, the brass 

61 



work finished, the decks tidied up, the crew 
dressed in their ordered uniform for the day 
and everything ready for inspection by the 
sailing-master and captain (if the latter so 
desires. ) 

The sailing-master (or mate) should 
always have one of the men row him around 
the vessel the last thing in the morning, to 
make sure that all the running rigging is 
taut, no scratches or chafing on the sides ; 
that there are no evidences of grass or scum 
along the water line, and that everything is 
proper and ship-shape. 

One hour should be allowed for men for 
dinner — from 12 to 1. 

A good sailing-master will always find 
something for the crew to work at during 
working hours. 

Smoking should never be allowed be- 
tween decks. 

62 



Smoking hours on deck should be regu- 
lated. 

Never allow smoking while the crew are 
at work about the decks. 

After supper (in port) allow the crew to 
smoke on the forward deck as long as they 
please. 

Under no consideration ever permit a 
boat's crew to smoke while in the boat. 

In sending any boat ashore, the sailing- 
master (or, in his absence, the mate) should 
always direct the boat where to land, and 
when to return to the ship, except when the 
captain is in the gig, who will direct his 
own crew. 

The crew should be habituated to move 
smartly about the decks, and to answer 
quickly and respectful!}' to their officers. 

In passing the captain the crew should 
always salute by touching the right hand to 
the cap. 

63 



Mattresses and blankets should be thor- 
oughly aired once every week, and oftener 
should there have been damp weather. 

The sailing-master and mates should 
never be ashore at the same time while the 
yacht is in commission. 

When coming to anchor, have the men 
stationed, and the instant the anchor leaves 
the cat head, fire a gun and swing out the 
boat booms. 

When leaving anchorage, if a steam 
yacht, fire a gun the instant the anchor is 
aweigh, and the bell is rung to go ahead, 
but if a sailing yacht, fire a gun when the 
anchor is tripped, and the vessel fills away. 

On large yachts a quarter-master should 
always be on watch to give notice to the 
officer of the deck on the approach of boats 
to the vessel, signals made from other yachts, 
or from the shore. 

64 



Underway at Night: Always have a 
lookout stationed forward, and in case of 
unusual darkness or thick weather, it is 
better to have two lookouts — one on either 
bow. As soon as a light or a sail is sighted 
it should be reported in clear, sharp tones to 
the officer of the deck, who will at once con- 
vince himself as to its character and whether 
his vessel or the one reported has the ' ' right 
of way", and act accordingly. 

At Anchor at Night : As soon as it is 
dark the ''anchor watch" should be set. 
According to the number of the crew avail- 
able, the length of time for each man to 
guard the deck should be regulated, so that 
from the time the first anchor watch is set 
until all hands are called in the morning, 
the watches shall be uniform, and no one 
man called on deck twice during the night. 
It is the duty of the watch to keep continu- 
ally on the alert, examining the moorings 
occasionally, visiting the quarter-deck, keep- 
ing an eye to the bright burning of the 
65 



anchor light, observing the drift lead, the 
swinging of his own vessel with the tide, 
also of the vessels around him, and being 
careful that no boat gets alongside his vessel 
unawares. In case a boat is seen making 
for the yacht, it should be hailed — " Boat- 
Ahoy ! ' ' and, if the hail is answered satis- 
factorily, the boat can be allowed to board ; 
but, if not, it must be warned off. In case 
of danger, pound on the top of the forecastle 
slide with anything available, at the same 
time calling "All Hands!'' in a voice calcu- 
lated to rouse the sleepers, and then, until 
the deck is officered, act yourself under the 
circumstances, as your common sense dic- 
tates. The anchor watch should strike the 
bells regularly during the night. 

Co7icerning Watches : As soon as a 
yacht leaves port, bound on a voyage, the 
crew should be divided into watches and 
the first regular watch set at 8 p. m. on the 
day of sailing. The captain always takes 
the first watch out, and the sailing-master 
66 



the first watch home. The stewards, cooks, 
and waiters are known as ' ' idlers ' ' and they 
stand no watch. 

The captain's watch is called the " star- 
board ' ' and the sailing-master's the ' ' port ' ' 
watch. 

If there is an uneven number of men in 
the forecastle, the odd man goes into the 
captain's w'atch by courtesy. 

Provided the yacht carries a mate, the 
captain's watch is kept by him, so that the 
captain has no regular deck duty, but goes 
and comes as he pleases. 

The officer on watch is known as the 
1 ' officer of the deck", and, while left in 
possession, his orders must be obeyed to the 
letter. He has full powers to alter the 
course of the ship to avoid danger, to make 
or alter, or take in sail, etc. 
67 



The seven regular watches are named as 
follows : 



From midnight to 4 A. m., . . the Mid Watch 
4 A. M. to 8 A. M. , . . the Mornifig Watch 
8 A. m. to noon, . . the Forenoon Watch 
noon to 4 p. m. , . the Afternoon Watch 
4 p. m. to 6 p. m. , . .the First Dog Watch 
6 p. m. to 8 p.m., the Second Dog Watch 
8 p a m. to 12 midnight, the First Watch 



*£fr 



68 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 
OF OFFICERS. 



Note. 

In the following treatise on the duties 
and responsibilities of the Captain and his 
officers, the question of the steam yacht 
carrying a goodly crew has been particularly 
considered ; but the rules, regulations, etc. , 
laid down for the government of such large 
craft may easily be modified and brought 
within the compass of smaller steam and 
sail yachts. 



THE CAPTAIN. 

The sailing-master, mates, boatswain, 
carpenter, engineers, stewards, the petty 
officers, such as quartermasters, cooks, oilers, 
boatswain's mates, etc., as w T ell as every 



seaman, fireman, and waiter on board the 
yacht are subject to the control and orders 
of the Captain. 

The Captain is responsible for the gen- 
eral equipment and general management of 
his yacht, and for the vessel (when in com- 
mission) being at all times fully found and 
provided with coals, water, provisions, com- 
passes, chronometers, charts, sextants, and 
other stores and appliances requisite for the 
navigation of the yacht. Of course, these 
duties may be assigned to the sailing-master 
by the Captain, but upon the latter rests the 
responsibility of giving the necessary orders 
to insure such performance. 

The Captain shall inspect the yacht 
every day to observe that cleanliness and 
order is practised in the various depart- 
ments — deck, engineer and stewards — and 
shall hold strictly accountable for each de- 
partment the officer in charge of same. 
70 



The Captain shall see to it that the 
officers attend strictly to their several duties, 
that no waste or extravagance in the way of 
stores and provisions is allowed, and that 
the men under the different heads of the de- 
partments are respectful and obedient to 
their superiors and move smartly in the 
discharge of their duties. 

The Captain will observe that the officers 
and men respect the laws and regulations of 
the ports visited by the yacht, and will issue 
strict orders that contraband or dutiable 
articles for personal use shall not be brought 
on board to cause trouble and annoyance 
upon the return of the }^acht to a home 
port, or upon an attempt to smuggle such 
articles ashore in any other port. 

The Captain shall see to it that the crew 

are frequently exercised at fire- quarters, 

and shall enforce the order that all boats 

are kept ready for immediate lowering and 

7i 



that the fire-hose is attached at night and 
ready for use at a moment's notice. 

The Captain will exact the observance 
of strict courtesy between the officers of 
various departments and not allow undue 
familiarity between them outside of their 
own quarters, and gambling between the 
officers or between the men shall always be 
prohibited. 

The Captain will forbid private trading 
on the part of officers and crew under any 
circumstances, and shall impress upon the 
minds of all on board that the dignity of a 
gentleman's private vessel is to be upheld, 
and that loud or vulgar language w 7 ill not 
be tolerated. 

The Captain will have reported to him 
all cases of misconduct on the part of any 
of the crew, and will never permit punish- 
ment to be inflicted unless by his express 
orders, and he will award the character of 
72 



the punishment after consulting with the 
sailing-master, engineer or steward, accord- 
ing to the department in which the offender 
belongs. He is responsible for any ill- 
treatment of the crew by his officers. 

If one of the crew die on board, the Cap- 
tain must make an inventory of his effects, 
entering same with the name, rank, etc., in 
the log-book, and upon the arrival of the 
yacht in port, a report must be made to the 
health-officer of the port. 

The Captain has the power to appoint 
his officers and has entire command over 
them during the time they are on board. 
He may, for any cause, suspend them from 
duty, and in the case of mutinous conduct 
at sea he is justified 4n putting in irons any 
officer, or any member of the crew. The 
log-book must, according to law, set forth 
all that occurs of an important nature during 
the voyage, especially such cases as punish- 
ment inflicted, and for what cause, etc. 
73 



Upon arrival in a foreign port, the Cap- 
tain should go to the Custom House, taking 
the bill- of -health and 3^acht's papers and 
report his arrival. 



THE SAILING-MASTER. 

Under the head of ' ' Yacht Routine ' ' , in 
a preceding chapter, will be found in detail 
the character of the deck work that the sail- 
ing-master should see carried out. 

The sailing-master, when the yacht is 
underway, will never allow the officer of the 
deck to leave the bridge unless regularly or 
temporarily relieved. 

If the sailing-master disapproves of any- 
thing performed by one of the officers, he 

74 



should quietly call him aside and correct 
him, but he should never do it within the 
hearing of the crew, as they may lose 
respect for an officer who was not shown 
respect by an officer above him. 

The sailing-master, mate, second mate, 
or any other officer, when in charge of the 
deck has full power over the yacht, as he 
represents the authority of the Captain. 

The sailing - master will navigate the 
yacht and will be responsible to the Captain 
for the safety and order of the vessel above 
and below decks, and, provided he is en- 
trusted to select the officers and crew, he 
will be responsible to the Captain for their 
competency and desirability in all respects. 

Whenever an officer, or any of the sea- 
men, desires to see the Captain for personal 
reasons, he must first acquaint the sailing- 
master with his wishes, and the sailing- 
master will refer the request to the Captain, 
75 



who will specify his pleasure in the matter, 
and such will be conveyed in turn to the 
applicant ; but under no circumstances will 
the Captain be approached by an officer or 
man, " over the sailing-master's head", for 
the only way to maintain discipline on board 
is by impressing upon the crew as a whole 
that the sailing-master, being the executive 
officer, the running of the yacht is in his 
hands, and the most implicit obedience and 
respect must be accorded him. 

Officers and men must never think of 
leaving the yacht, even when alongside the 
dock, without first obtaining the consent of 
the sailing-master, or, in his absence, from 
the officer left in command, who will be 
acquainted with the sailing-master's wishes 
in the matter. 

When entering or leaving port, the sail- 
ing-master's place is on the bridge, directing 
the movements of the yacht. 

76 



CHIEF ENGINEER. 

The chief engineer has full control over 
all persons — officers and men — in his de- 
partment. 

The engineer on watch in the engine- 
room when the yacht is underway, repre- 
sents the chief engineer, and the fireman on 
watch must obey him, and he in turn must 
obey any orders received from the officer 
of the deck in the way of handling the 
engines. 

The chief engineer will be held respon- 
sible for all hands in his department implic- 
itly carrying out the orders of the Captain, 
or of the officer of the deck. 

Neither the assistants nor any member 
of the engine or fire-room force will leave 
the vessel without first reporting to and ob- 
taining the chief engineer's consent, w r ho, 
in turn, will solicit the same from the sail- 
77 



ing-master and then acquaint the applicant 
with the result. 

The chief engineer will personally super- 
intend the coaling of the yacht, and satisfy 
himself that the quantity of coal charged 
for has been received on board. He will 
make an entry on the engine-room log-book 
stating the amount of coal receipted for, also 
its quality. 

When other engine-room stores, tools, 
etc., are received on board, they will be 
receipted for by the chief engineer and a 
memorandum of same entered on his log- 
book. 

The chief engineer will be held responsi- 
ble for any waste of stores or extravagance 
in his department. 

The chief engineer will be held account- 
able for the conduct of all officers and men 
under his control. 

78 



The chief engineer will enforce the law 
that an engineer on watch is never to absent 
himself from the engine - room without 
having been regularly relieved by another 
engineer, and will also see to it that no fire- 
man, oiler, water-tender, etc., leaves his 
post without permission from the engineer 
on watch, 

Should any member of the engineer's 
force misconduct himself, or disobey any 
order received by him from a superior officer, 
the chief engineer must report the case to 
the Captain, so that it may be dealt with by 
the latter, and in no case is the chief or one 
of his assistants to inflict punishment upon 
a man unless such punishment is authorized 
by the Captain. 

The chief engineer will see to it that the 
engineer of the watch keeps a steady pres- 
sure of steam according to the instructions 
that he has received, and with a view to 
economy of fuel, the engineer on watch will 
79 



direct attention to the condition of the fires, 
and the mode of firing. The chief will also 
make sure that his assistants are well 
acquainted with the various pipes, cocks, 
valves and connections generally. 

When entering or leaving port the chief 
engineer will assume personal charge of the 
engines or at any other time when special 
care is demanded for executing promptly 
the orders signalled from the bridge. 

The chief engineer will keep the engine- 
room log - book and fill up the columns 
therein. Under the head of " Remarks' ' 
he will enter the particulars of all stores 
UvSed ; the time of leaving and arriving in 
port ; all occurrences relating to the working 
of the boilers and machinery, accidents of 
whatever nature to engines or to the men, 
etc., and each day's log is to be verified by 
his signature. 

The chief engineer will daily, at noon, 
while under steam, lay before the sailing- 

80 



master an abstract of the engine-room log- 
book, containing the expenditure of coals, 
oils and other stores during the preceding 
twenty-four hours, and the amount remain- 
ing on hand ; also the total number of 
revolutions made during the preceding 
twenty-four hours. 

The chief engineer will be held respon- 
sible that the steam steering-gear, windlass, 
refrigerating and electric plants are kept in 
efficient state and at all times ready when 
required. 

On sailing days, or on departure from 
any port, the chief engineer must have his 
department in good order, steam maintained 
at the proper limit, and half an hour before 
the time of starting, he must report to the 
sailing-master that his department is all 
ready, after which the chief and his assist- 
ants must remain on duty until «the yacht is 
clear of the pilot or the harbor cleared, when 
81 



the first assistant engineer will take charge 
of the engine-room watch. 

Should the engineer of the watch find'it 
necessary to stop his engines when under- 
way, he shall at once send word to the sail- 
ing-master or to the officer of the deck, and 
obtain his consent before stopping, except 
in cases of special emergency, when he will 
be justified in stopping without orders, but 
knowledge of the act must at once be sent 
to the officer of the deck. 

The chief engineer will have full control 
of regulating the amount of steam to be 
carried, using his own judgment as to w T hat 
is necessary for the speed required. 



82 



FIRST MATE. 



It is common to refer to the first mate 
as the ' l chief-officer ' ' . 



After being appointed the chief-officer, 
he should get an inventory of everything 
under his charge, and obtain from the 
boatswain and carpenter a list of their stores 
also, and a memorandum of whatever else 
they require. He should see that the wind- 
lass is in good working order, and inspect 
personally the boats, falls, running and 
standing rigging, sails, sail- covers, awnings, 
etc. , and each night should lay out the 
work for the boatswain and give him orders 
concerning his work for the coming day, 
He should also observe that the carpenter 
attends to the sluices and sounds the well 
and tanks night and morning. 

83 



When underway at sea, if the chief -officer 
does not stand watch, he should be about 
the decks all day to see that the boatswain 
is pushing the work along. 

The chief-officer will also keep the log- 
book, copying into it from the rough or 
deck log, and should take sights of the sun 
for latitude and longitude, determine the 
deviation by azimuths of the sun, and keep 
the yacht's run by dead-reckoning. The 
log-book must be ready each day at 2 bells, 
(one o'clock p. m.)> for inspection by the 
sailing-master. 

In anchoring, mooring and unmooring 
ship, the chief-officer's place is on the fore- 
castle, directing the handling of the bow- 
lines. 

When heaving up anchor, or when com- 
ing to anchor, the chief -officer's place is on 
the forecastle directing the handling of the 
cable according to orders from the sailing- 
master on the bridge. 
84 



If the first officer stands deck watch, his 
bridge duties will he the same as those laid 
down for the second officer. 



SECOND MATE. 

In mooring and unmooring ship, the 
second officer' s place is aft, and he is respon- 
sible for any accident that occurs at his end 
of the yacht while docking or leaving dock, 
or when getting underway or coming to 
anchor, 

When running out lines, or taking them 
in. he must be careful to keep them clear of 
the propeller, and in the event of a line get- 
ting foul of same he must at once make 
same known to the officer on the bridge so 
that the engines may be stopped, 
85 



When docking, a couple of cork-fenders 
should be kept handy on the quarters. 

After mooring, the ropes should be 
coiled down neatly, and chafing gear put on 
where necessary, after which the men should 
be sent forward to the boatswain. 

When leaving port, the second mate 
should attend to the secure lashing of any- 
thing requiring it aft, and also see to it that 
the carpenter has secured the gangways, 
ports, etc. 

When coming to anchor, the second 
mate's place is by the leadsman, when he 
does not take the lead himself. 

When at sea, before he relieves the 
bridge, he should take a turn around the 
deck fore and aft to see that there is noth- 
ing adrift and no evidences' of anything 
wrong. 



He should never hesitate to call the 
Captain if in doubt about anything of an 
important nature — such as fog; if weather 
looks threatening ; if the barometer is un- 
steady ; if there is the sight or sound of 
broken water. 

The second mate must be particular to 
note everything correctly in the log-book 
for his watch, reading the patent log the 
last thing and entering the distance run for 
the preceding four hours. 



BOA TSWAIN. 

Upon reporting for duty the boatswain 
must ascertain the kind and quantity of the 
deck stores, cordage, sails, canvas, paints, 

87 



brushes, salt- water- soap, brooms, etc., etc., 
because it is his duty to serve out such in 
keeping the yacht in order. 

He must inspect every time they are 
used cat-falls, mooring - lines, etc., and if 
they are found defective, he must at once 
make a report to the first mate. 

The boatswain remains on deck all day 
and takes charge of all the men engaged on 
deck work, receiving his orders each night 
from the first mate as to the character of 
the work to be carried on the following day ; 
but he must also exercise his own judgment 
when he sees anything of a minor nature in 
his department requiring attention. 



88 



CARPENTER. 

Upon reporting for duty the carpenter 
must overhaul all the sluices to see that they 
are in proper working order ; make himself 
familiar with the location of the sounding- 
pipe, w r ater tanks, etc. 

He must also thoroughly understand the 
working of the windlass, and take personal 
charge of it w T hen the anchors are being 
used. It is his special duty also to examine 
all dead-lights for leaks, and to attend to 
the shipping and unshipping of the gang- 
way ladders. 

The carpenter is under the direct orders 
of the chief-officer, -and whenever the car- 
penter's services are required by the en- 
gineers, the chief - officer must have the 
application for the carpenter's services made 
to him. 



The carpenter must sound the tanks and 
well every night and morning, note his re- 
marks on the engine-room slate, and report 
as well to the officer of the deck — this must 
be done both at sea and in port. 

It is also the carpenter's duty to attend 
to the steering - gear and report at once to 
the chief mate any defect in the wheel -chains 
or mechanism. 

The carpenter has the keeping in repair 
of all the boats, spars, bulwarks, blocks, 
and in fact everything of a wooden nature 
on board the vacht. 



90 



QUARTERMASTERS. 

The duties of quartermasters are to 
steer the yacht, keep the pilot house in 
order, clean all bright work belonging to 
his department in the way of binnacles, 
wheel, speaking tubes, steering-gear, step- 
plates, etc. They have charge of the bunt- 
ing and are responsible for its condition, 
and it is also required of them that they 
shall be familiar with the signal code, and 
shall take the signal halliards under their 
personal care to insure their readiness for 
use. All the signal lanterns are under their 
charge, as is also the hand and deep-sea 
leads. When the yacht is at anchor, quar- 
termasters stand regular watch and watch 
by day as w 7 ell as by night, taking charge 
of the anchor watch. 



91 



STEWARD. 

The duties of the steward are varied, 
and the comfort and happiness of the yacht 
depend upon his ability, integrity, and am- 
bition to keep a contented ship fore and aft. 

Whether he is serving on a small yacht 
or a large one, he should remember that the 
money of the millionaire owner should not 
be any more recklessly spent by the steward 
than the money of the man who can afford 
yachting in only a very modest way. Be- 
sides this, the steward should be a man of 
sufficiently high moral character to realize 
that waste of any kind is wicked. 

It matters not how rich an owner may 
be, he is just as sensitive to the foolish ex- 
penditure of his money as is his less preten- 
tious yachting friend, and no steward should 
conduct his department on the theory that 
the owner is too well off to be at all con- 
92 



eerned whether it costs five dollars a day to 
provision the yacht or five hundred. 

There are stewards who personally are 
strictly honest, but who are either careless 
in the quantity of the purchases, or w r ho 
leave entirely too much to the cook — who 
think it too great a trouble to look into 
' ' pots and pans ' ' , or w 7 ho avoid any such 
supervision for fear of offending the autocrat 
of the galley. This is all wrong. The cook 
is under the direction and orders of the 
steward, and if the latter is the proper sort 
of official he will not allow 7 any other inter- 
pretation of his authority. 

If under- stewards are carried, they are 
simply aids to the steward, whose orders 
they will at all times unquestionably obey, 
and to insure the smooth running of this 
department, the owner should authorize the 
steward to select his subordinates. 

It goes without saying that all the pro- 
visions on board are under his care, and that 
93 



he should at all times know the amount of 
stores on hand in his department. He should 
keep an expenditure book showing credit 
and debit sides, so as to be able quickly to 
know how much money he has received 
from the owner, and what amount of same 
he has expended. 

In addition to his care of the owner's 
wardrobe, the silverware, glass, crockery, 
bedding and linen both in the cabins and 
officers' quarters, he is responsible also for 
fixtures in the way of lamps, cushions, fur- 
niture, etc, 

He should, in addition to his supervision 
of the cabins, inspect the officers' rooms 
every morning to see that same are sweet 
and clean. He must demand that every- 
thing in the kitchen is kept shining ; that 
the brass- work on the inside of all skylights 
to cabin and officers' quarters, and the hand- 
rails to companionway are at all times 
carefully polished. 

94 



Whenever it is desired to brush rugs and 
mats on deck, he should always notify the 
mate so that proper precautions may be 
taken to prevent dust from injuring any- 
thing about decks in the way of fresh paint, 
varnish, etc. 

When it is necessary that he should go 
ashore for provisions, ice, etc., he should 
notify the sailing-master sufficiently ahead 
of time so that the boat-service required may 
not interfere with the regular deck work. 

In the case of guests his duty is to con- 
tribute in every way possible to their comfort 
and pleasure while on board, realizing that 
by so doing he is not only fulfilling another 
of his functions, but that he is rendering 
the greatest satisfaction to the owner, whose 
pleasure it is to know that the outing offered 
his friends is being made as pleasant as 
possible. 



95 



SURGEON. 

In the event of a surgeon being carried, 
it will be the duty of this officer to look 
after the general health of all on board, and 
to be keenly alive to the sanitary condition 
of the yacht. 

Whenever an inspection of the vessel is 
being held, it is his place to accompany the 
Captain on his rounds, and to offer needful 
suggestions. 

When the }^acht's water-tanks are to be 
filled, he should inspect the quality of the 
water offered, and should analyze same if he 
is suspicious that it may be unhealthy 
owing to the presence of vegetable matter, 

etc - 4 , 

Should sickft^s occur among the crew, 
he should talai proper precautions to isolate 
the man j^faT as possible until a satisfac- 
tory di^misis of the case assures him as to 
the character of the illness. 
96 

















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